Understanding XO, VS, and VSOP: A Guide to Cognac Classifications

Jul 16, 2024by Wooden Cork

Here's an overview:

Introduction to Cognac

Cognac is a distinguished type of brandy, specifically produced in the Cognac region of France. This spirit undergoes a meticulous distillation and aging process, contributing to its unique flavor profile and high status among distilled beverages. It is crafted primarily from specific grape varieties, predominantly Ugni Blanc, which is known for its high acidity and low alcohol content, making it ideal for distillation.

Cognac production follows stringent guidelines established by the Bureau National Interprofessionnel du Cognac (BNIC). These regulations ensure the quality and authenticity of Cognac, setting it apart from other types of brandy. Some key aspects of the production process include:

  • Fermentation: The harvested grapes are pressed, and their juice is fermented into a wine with a low alcohol content.
  • Distillation: The wine undergoes a double distillation process using copper pot stills, known as alembics. This results in a clear spirit called "eau-de-vie."
  • Aging: The clear spirit is aged in oak barrels for a minimum of two years, during which it develops complex flavors and amber color.
  • Blending: Various aged "eaux-de-vie" are blended to create a consistent and balanced final product.

Cognac classification is based on the aging process, and the distinctions between XO (Extra Old), VS (Very Special), and VSOP (Very Superior Old Pale) are significant. Each classification reflects the minimum age of the youngest eau-de-vie in the blend. Furthermore, Cognac is categorized into six growth areas, known as crus, which contribute to its flavor characteristics:

  1. Grande Champagne: Known for producing the finest Cognac with long aging potential.
  2. Petite Champagne: Slightly less distinguished than Grande Champagne but still high in quality.
  3. Borderies: Offers floral and nutty notes, producing round and smooth Cognacs.
  4. Fins Bois: Produces rounded, fruity Cognacs with a faster aging process.
  5. Bons Bois and Bois Ordinaires: Known for a more rustic profile and quicker aging.

Understanding the intricacies of Cognac production and classification enhances the appreciation of this prestigious spirit, offering enthusiasts a deeper insight into its nuanced craftsmanship.

Historical Background of Cognac

The origins of Cognac trace back to the 16th century in the Charente region of France. This beverage evolved as local wine growers sought innovative ways to preserve their wines during transport. They discovered that distilling the wine not only made it easier to ship but also enhanced its flavors when aged in oak barrels.

Key Milestones in Cognac History

  1. Early Beginnings: The first significant distillation in the region began around the 1540s. Traders from the Netherlands played a crucial role, seeking better ways to preserve the wine they imported.

  2. Creation of 'Burnt Wine': The term 'brandy' originates from the Dutch word 'brandewijn,' meaning burnt wine. This was due to the distillation process used to prevent the wine from spoiling.

  3. Refinement in the 17th Century: During this time, cognac production saw significant refinements. Double distillation emerged as a technique, resulting in a purer and more potent spirit.

Development of Cognac Houses

  • 17th Century: This period marked the establishment of some of the oldest and most reputable Cognac houses.

    • Martell (1715): Founded by Jean Martell, it is one of the oldest of the big four Cognac houses.
    • Rémy Martin (1724): Another esteemed house, it focused on quality and innovation early on.

  • 18th Century: By this century, Cognac's reputation had grown substantially across Europe.

    • Hennessy (1765): Richard Hennessy, an Irishman, established this globally recognized brand.
    • Courvoisier (1828): Known today as one of the "big four" cognac houses, its roots can be traced to early 19th-century Paris.

  • 19th Century Innovations: This era saw legal regulations and classifications emerge to protect and standardize Cognac production. Appellation d’Origine Contrôlée (AOC) laws were established to define the Geographical Indication precisely, ensuring authenticity and quality.

Impact on Global Markets

Cognac began exporting globally in the 17th and 18th centuries and became a symbol of luxury and refinement. Foreign markets, especially in the United States, United Kingdom, and Asia, contributed significantly to the spirit’s prestige and economic success.

Cultural Significance

Cognac's long maturation and association with quality make it a staple in celebrations, luxury events, and gastronomy. Its production methods reflect a blend of tradition and meticulous craftsmanship, cementing its status in history as a benchmark in the world of spirits.

What is XO Cognac?

Identifying XO, which stands for "Extra Old," is essential for understanding the highest classification of Cognac in terms of age and quality. XO Cognac is distinguished by the following characteristics:

  • Aging Requirements: According to the Bureau National Interprofessionnel du Cognac (BNIC), XO Cognac must be aged for a minimum of 10 years in French oak barrels. Before April 2018, the requirement was only six years.
  • Complexity: XO Cognacs are known for their complex flavor profiles. Due to extended aging, the spirits develop rich, intricate aromas and tastes, including notes of dried fruit, nuts, leather, cocoa, and spices.
  • Appearance: The long aging process imparts a deep amber color to XO Cognacs, with a more intense visual appeal compared to younger classifications.
  • Cost: Typically, XO varieties are more expensive than VS (Very Special) or VSOP (Very Superior Old Pale) due to the extended aging process and higher quality of the base spirits.
  • Market Perception: XO is often perceived as the premium standard for Cognacs, with a status of luxury and refinement. Many connoisseurs and collectors favor XO for special occasions and gifts.

Key Traits of XO Cognac

  1. Age: Minimum of 10 years aging in oak barrels.
  2. Flavor: Highly complex with rich, deep flavors.
  3. Appearance: Dark amber due to prolonged barrel exposure.
  4. Cost: Generally higher price reflecting quality and aging.
  5. Reputation: Recognized as the pinnacle of Cognac sophistication.

All XO Cognacs must adhere to strict regulations set forth by the BNIC to ensure consistently high standards. The intricate aging process distinguishes them as a luxury product within the Cognac market, appreciated for its depth and richness. Each bottle of XO tells a story of time-honored craftsmanship and dedication to the art of Cognac production.

Understanding VS Cognac

VS stands for "Very Special," one of the primary classifications in Cognac. Defined by the Bureau National Interprofessionnel du Cognac (BNIC), the VS category represents the youngest classification of Cognac available in the market. The "Very Special" designation mandates specific aging criteria which manufacturers must adhere to.

Aging Requirements

  • Minimum Aging: VS Cognac must be aged for a minimum of two years in oak barrels. This aging process allows the spirit to develop a distinct but comparatively lighter profile than older classifications.
  • Barrel Oak: The oak barrels often used for aging ensure the Cognac assimilates complex flavors and aromas derived from the wood.

Flavor Profile

  • Character: Typically, VS Cognac exhibits a straightforward character, emphasizing fruit-forward and youthful notes.
  • Common Tasting Notes: Apple, pear, citrus, floral hints, and subtle oak. These notes are dominant due to the relatively shorter aging process.
  • Utility in Mixology: The bright and young flavors often make VS Cognac suitable for use in cocktails and mixed drinks.

Pricing and Availability

  • Market Availability: VS Cognac is widely available, offering consumers an entry-level price point. It provides an accessible option for those new to Cognac or seeking an affordable yet high-quality spirit.
  • Affordability: The shorter aging period translates to lower production costs, reflected in a more economical price range.
  • Hennessy VS: Known for its robust and fruity profile, it serves as a benchmark for the category.
  • Rémy Martin VS: Offers a smooth yet vibrant flavor profile, ideal for sipping or blending.
  • Courvoisier VS: Characterized by its fresh fruit and floral notes, it caters to both purists and mixed drink enthusiasts.

Production and Regulations

  • Regulatory Compliance: The BNIC's stringent regulations ensure authenticity and quality. This assures that all VS Cognac products meet the required standards.
  • Global Reach: Known globally, VS Cognac is exported to various countries, making it a significant representative of French craftsmanship.

Serving Suggestions

  • Neat or On Ice: While often enjoyed neat, serving VS Cognac on ice can enhance its refreshing qualities.
  • Cocktails: Popular in classic cocktails such as the Sidecar, French 75, and Brandy Sour, allowing its youthful brightness to shine through.

Conclusion

VS Cognac serves as an excellent introduction to the world of Cognac, offering vibrant flavors, accessibility, and versatility in use. Through a meticulous aging process and strict adherence to quality, VS Cognacs embody the foundational qualities of this illustrious spirit.

What Does VSOP Mean?

VSOP stands for "Very Superior Old Pale." This classification signifies a category of Cognac that must adhere to specific aging requirements. The term dates back to 1817, when King George IV of England requested a "Very Superior Old Pale" from the House of Hennessy, leading to the establishment of this categorization.

Aging Requirements

According to the Bureau National Interprofessionnel du Cognac (BNIC), the regulatory body governing Cognac production, VSOP Cognac must be aged for a minimum of four years. The aging process occurs in French oak barrels, which play a crucial role in developing the flavors and characteristics unique to this type of Cognac.

Flavor Profile

VSOP Cognac typically exhibits a richer and more complex flavor profile compared to VS (Very Special) Cognac. Common tasting notes include:

  • Fruit: Often features dried or candied fruit flavors such as apricot, fig, and orange peel.
  • Spice: Hints of vanilla, cinnamon, and nutmeg are prevalent due to the interaction with the oak barrels.
  • Nuts and Wood: Nutty undertones and woody essences like cedar and light oak.

Popularity and Usage

VSOP Cognac is highly versatile and is favored both by connoisseurs and casual drinkers for its balanced, mature taste. It is often used in various settings, including:

  • Neat or On the Rocks: Enjoyed in its purest form to appreciate the nuanced flavors.
  • Cocktails: Used in sophisticated cocktails like the classic Sidecar or French 75 for an elevated drinking experience.
  • Pairing with Food: Pairs well with refined dishes such as foie gras, blue cheese, and even desserts like crème brûlée.

Examples of Notable VSOP Cognacs

Several renowned Cognac houses produce exceptional VSOP options. Some notable brands include:

  1. Hennessy VSOP Privilege: Known for its harmonious blend of older eaux-de-vie.
  2. Rémy Martin VSOP: Offers a well-rounded and smooth experience with a rich fruity core.
  3. Courvoisier VSOP Fine Cognac: Celebrated for its smooth texture and elegant bouquet.

The VSOP classification ensures a level of quality and maturity that provides an enjoyable and refined drinking experience, appealing to both novice drinkers and seasoned aficionados.

Differences Between XO, VS, and VSOP

Cognac is distinguished by its aging process, which gives rise to classifications like XO, VS, and VSOP. These terms indicate the quality and age of the spirit, each with unique characteristics.

Very Special (VS)

  • Aging Time: At least 2 years in oak casks.
  • Flavor Profile: Generally lighter and fruitier, with fresh and young flavors.
  • Usage: Suitable for mixing in cocktails or enjoyed over ice.

Very Superior Old Pale (VSOP)

  • Aging Time: Minimum of 4 years in oak barrels.
  • Flavor Profile: More complex than VS, with richer notes of spices, dried fruits, and wood.
  • Usage: Versatile for both sipping and cocktail mixing.

Extra Old (XO)

  • Aging Time: A minimum of 10 years in oak, though some are aged considerably longer.
  • Flavor Profile: Deep, sophisticated with layers of dark chocolate, spices, leather, and tobacco.
  • Usage: Best enjoyed neat or with a splash of water to release its intricate flavors.

Comparison Table

Classification Aging Time Flavor Profile Usage
VS Minimum 2 years Light, fresh, fruity Cocktails, on the rocks
VSOP Minimum 4 years Rich, spices, dried fruits, wood Sipping, cocktails
XO Minimum 10 years Dark chocolate, spices, leather, tobacco Neat, with water

Key Considerations

  1. Price Point: Generally increases with aging; VS is the most affordable, while XO commands premium prices.
  2. Intended Use: VS is often chosen for mixing, VSOP balances versatility, and XO is ideal for those seeking a luxurious sipping experience.
  3. Occasions: XO is often reserved for special occasions, whereas VS and VSOP offer more casual enjoyment options.

Understanding these differences helps in making an informed choice, aligning the cognac's characteristics with personal preferences and the occasion's demands.

How Cognac is Made

Cognac production is a meticulous process that starts with selecting the right grapes. The primary grape used is Ugni Blanc, known for its high acidity and low alcohol content, which is ideal for distillation.

  1. Grape Harvesting

    • Grapes are harvested in the Charente region of France.
    • The harvested grapes are pressed to extract the juice.

  2. Fermentation

    • The grape juice undergoes fermentation, turning sugars into alcohol.
    • This fermentation process lasts two to three weeks and results in a wine with about 7-9% alcohol content.

  3. Distillation

    • The wine is distilled twice in copper pot stills, known as Charentais stills.
    • The first distillation produces "brouillis," which is approximately 27-30% alcohol.
    • The second distillation, or "bonne chauffe," refines the spirit to about 60-72% alcohol.
    • Only the "heart" of the second distillate is kept for aging.

  4. Aging

    • The clear spirit is transferred to oak barrels for aging.
    • French oak, primarily from Limousin or Tronçais, is used to impart flavor and color.
    • Cognac must be aged for at least two years to be legally considered Cognac.
    • During aging, the spirit absorbs tannins and other flavor compounds from the wood.

  5. Blending

    • Master blenders mix different eaux-de-vie (aged spirits) to achieve a consistent flavor profile.
    • Blending is an art that ensures quality and adherence to the brand's signature taste.

  6. Bottling

    • After blending, the Cognac may undergo further aging or be bottled immediately.
    • The finished product is then ready for distribution and sale.

Each step in the production process is crucial for developing the complex flavors and characteristics that define Cognac. The dedication to quality and tradition is what sets Cognac apart from other spirits.

Aging Process and Its Importance

The aging process in cognac production is critical to developing its complex flavors and character. Unlike many beverages, cognac improves significantly with age, making the timeframe spent in oak barrels pivotal. Key factors include:

  • Oxidation: When cognac interacts with the air through the porous wood, subtle oxidation occurs. This process refines the spirit, reducing unwanted harshness and contributing to smoother texture.

  • Wood Interaction: Oak barrels impart essential compounds to the cognac. Tannins from the wood add structure, while lignins and hemicellulose break down, releasing sugars and vanilla-like flavors. Long-term contact with wood essential oils deepens the cognac's complexity.

  • Evaporation: Known as the "angel's share," evaporation allows for concentration of flavors. Approximately 2-3% of the volume is lost annually, leading to increasingly intense characteristics as the remaining liquid matures.

Classification Correlation

Cognac classifications—XO, VS, and VSOP—are defined by their minimum aging periods:

  1. VS (Very Special): Cognac must be aged for at least two years. This category presents bold, youthful flavors, offering a straightforward expression of its raw materials.

  2. VSOP (Very Superior Old Pale): Requires a minimum of four years aging. VSOP cognacs achieve a balance between vitality and complexity, offering enriched flavors and smoother profiles.

  3. XO (Extra Old): A minimum aging of ten years is mandatory. XO cognacs exhibit sophisticated integration of flavors, characterized by depth, richness, and a velvety finish.

Importance for Connoisseurs

For cognac enthusiasts, understanding the aging process is crucial. It informs purchasing decisions and appreciation of the nuances in different bottles. The age directly influences the sensory experience, dictating whether a cognac is suitable for sipping neat or as a cocktail component. The intricacies of aging heights the enjoyment, making the journey of tasting aged cognacs both an art and a science.

XO Brands

  1. Hennessy XO

    • Known for its robust flavor and complexity. Offers hints of candied fruit, cocoa, and warming spices.
    • Ideal for sipping neat due to its rich and full-bodied nature.

  2. Rémy Martin XO

    • Characterized by a smooth and velvety texture with flavors of figs, cinnamon, and port wine.
    • Notable for its long-lasting finish and deep amber color.

  3. Martell XO

    • Presents an elegant balance between bold and smooth, with notes of black pepper, coriander, and red berries.
    • Features a distinctive bottle design often seen as a mark of luxury.

VS Brands

  1. Courvoisier VS

    • Offers a lighter, fruit-forward profile with hints of apple, pear, and vanilla.
    • Often used in cocktails due to its smooth and accessible nature.

  2. Hennessy VS

    • Renowned for its consistent quality and notes of toasted oak, fresh grapes, and a hint of almonds.
    • Versatile enough for cocktails but refined enough to be enjoyed neat.

  3. Rémy Martin VS

    • Showcases a harmonious blend of fresh fruit and subtle spice, with a smooth finish.
    • Frequently used as a base for premium mixed drinks.

VSOP Brands

  1. Rémy Martin VSOP

    • Known for its well-balanced profile featuring vanilla, dried apricots, and a touch of nutmeg.
    • Ideal for both sipping and cocktails, offering a versatile yet refined experience.

  2. Courvoisier VSOP

    • Displays a rich, creamy palate with notes of toasted almonds, honey, and a hint of orange zest.
    • Frequently praised for its smooth finish and round body.

  3. Martell VSOP

    • Exhibits a sophisticated flavor profile with dried fruits, oak, and a subtle spiciness.
    • The elegant bottle design reflects the premium quality of the cognac inside.

Tasting and Serving Tips

Acquiring a keen sense of taste and understanding the nuances of Cognac can enhance the overall experience. Here are some essential tips for tasting and serving XO, VS, and VSOP cognacs.

Tasting Tips

  1. Choosing the Glass

    • Opt for a tulip-shaped glass. This allows the bouquet of the Cognac to concentrate at the rim, enhancing the olfactory experience.
    • A snifter is also acceptable; it aids in warming the Cognac naturally.

  2. Pouring the Cognac

    • Pour a small amount, around 25-30 ml. This helps in swirling and capturing the essence without overwhelming.

  3. Observing the Color

    • Hold the glass against a white background. This helps in appreciating the shades, which indicate the aging process.

  4. Nosing the Cognac

    • Swirl the Cognac gently. Take a moment to inhale the aromas through the nose, identifying notes like vanilla, spice, or floral fragrances.
    • Alternate between short sniffs and deep inhales to appreciate the complexity.

  5. Tasting the Cognac

    • Take a small sip and let it coat the mouth. Focus on the flavor evolution from initial taste to aftertaste.
      • VS Cognac: Often has more vibrant, fruitier notes.
      • VSOP Cognac: Balanced flavors with hints of spice and oak.
      • XO Cognac: Displays a complex, layered profile with rich, matured nuances.

Serving Tips

  1. Serving Temperature

    • Room temperature is ideal (between 60-65°F). Chill blunts the flavor while warmth releases aromas.

  2. Accompaniments

    • Pairing with dark chocolate, cheese, or even cigars can complement the Cognac’s profile.
    • Avoid overly spicy or sweet food as they can overpower the subtleties.

  3. Glass Handling

    • Hold the glass by the stem or bowl’s base to prevent warming the Cognac quickly.

  4. Water Addition

    • Adding a few drops of water can aid in opening the bouquet, though this is subject to personal preference.

Enhancing the Experience

  1. Time and Patience

    • Take time to savor each sip. Allow the Cognac to breathe and develop in the glass before consuming.

  2. Context Matters

    • Enjoy Cognac in a relaxed setting. Proper ambiance can heighten the tasting experience.

Following these tasting and serving tips can help one appreciate the finer points of XO, VS, and VSOP cognacs, ensuring a rewarding experience with each sip.

Collecting and Storing Cognac

Collecting cognac can be both a pleasurable and rewarding investment. Understanding proper storage techniques is essential to maintain its quality over time.

Factors to Consider for Collecting

  1. Age and Classification:

    • XO (Extra Old): Aged at least 10 years in oak barrels.
    • VSOP (Very Superior Old Pale): Aged at least 4 years.
    • VS (Very Special): Aged at least 2 years.

  2. Brand Reputation: Brands like Hennessy, Rémy Martin, and Martell offer high-quality, collectible bottles.

  3. Limited Editions: Special releases and limited editions often appreciate in value.

Storage Conditions

  1. Temperature:

    • Optimal storage temperature: 59-68°F (15-20°C).
    • Avoid extreme fluctuations. High temperatures can cause expansion, affecting the cork seal.

  2. Humidity:

    • Ideal humidity level: 50-75%.
    • Excessive dryness can shrink corks, while too much humidity can lead to mold.

  3. Light:

    • Store in a dark environment. Prolonged light exposure can degrade flavor.

  4. Position:

    • Keep bottles upright. This minimizes contact between the cork and spirit, preventing cork degradation.

  5. Ventilation:

    • Ensure proper ventilation to avoid contaminating odors affecting the cognac.

Handling

  1. Decanting:
    • Only decant when necessary, typically just before serving.
  2. Transfer Bottles:
    • Transfer aged cognacs to smaller bottles to minimize air exposure if not consumed quickly.

Security Measures

  1. Insurance:
    • Consider insuring high-value collections.
  2. Inventory Management:
    • Keep a detailed record of each bottle's purchase date, condition, and provenance.

Aging and Monitoring

  1. Regular Checks:
    • Inspect bottles periodically for signs of leakage or mold.
  2. Taste Testing:
    • Periodically taste older bottles to ensure quality has been maintained.

Presentation

  1. Display Cabinets:
    • Use display cabinets with UV-protected glass for both aesthetic and protective purposes.
  2. Labeling:
    • Clearly label each bottle with pertinent information to maintain an organized collection.

By adhering to these guidelines, collectors can ensure their cognac maintains optimum quality and potential market value. Proper care and attention to detail help preserve the unique qualities that make cognac a prized addition to any collection.

Conclusion: Choosing the Right Cognac for You

Determining the appropriate cognac depends on individual preferences and the context in which it will be enjoyed. Several factors should be considered to make an informed choice:

  1. Age and Maturity:

    • VS (Very Special): Ideal for those who appreciate youthful, vibrant flavors. Generally aged for at least two years, it exhibits fresh fruit and floral notes.
    • VSOP (Very Superior Old Pale): Aged for a minimum of four years, this category offers a balance of youthful vigor and matured complexity, featuring spicier, richer flavors.
    • XO (Extra Old): A luxury choice, aged for at least ten years. It provides deep, intricate flavors, appealing to connoisseurs seeking a highly refined experience.

  2. Purpose and Occasion:

    • Casual Drinking: VS cognac, with its lively character, is suitable for casual occasions, mixing in cocktails, or daily sipping.
    • Special Events: VSOP serves well for celebratory events, providing a step-up in complexity and sophistication.
    • Collecting and Gifting: XO is a prestigious option for collectors or for significant milestones, offering an exceptional and unique tasting experience.

  3. Flavor Preferences:

    • Floral and Fruity Notes: VS is for those who enjoy lighter, fruitier profiles.
    • Spicy and Rich Flavors: VSOP fits those who lean towards a balanced, warming palate.
    • Complex and Diverse Flavors: XO caters to aficionados who appreciate deep, nuanced flavors and a well-rounded drinking experience.

  4. Budget Considerations:

    • Price Range: VS is generally the most affordable option, making it accessible for everyday enjoyment.
    • Value for Money: VSOP offers a middle-ground, delivering better value in terms of complexity and taste.
    • Investment: XO tends to be the most expensive due to its age and complexity, suitable for those investing in luxury and quality.

  5. Serving Method:

    • Mixing: VS can be mixed into cocktails or long drinks without overshadowing the mix’s character.
    • Neat or On the Rocks: VSOP and XO are best enjoyed neat or with a few drops of water, enhancing their subtle notes and complexities.

Choosing the right cognac involves understanding the distinctions between XO, VS, and VSOP, and aligning these with personal preferences, occasions, and budget constraints.
Back to Uncorked

Share this

Featured product

Sale
Old Rip Van Winkle 10 Year, Blanton's Single Barrel, Weller 107, E.H. Taylor Small Batch & Eagle Rare Elite Bundle
Buffalo Trace
Save 21%